Learning stand by GkG

  Classification based on speed and accessibility:- 1. Freeways:-  Freeways are also called as access-controlled highways. Freeways are wide roads designed for fast moving wehicles to travel long distance with high speed. It is generally designed in four lanes. Traffic movement on freeway is continous and unhindered because there are no railway or road intersection and no signals. Access is controlled everywhere in this type of roads the driver never comes in contact with opposing flow of traffic. To separate traffic from other roads freeways are accessed only through ramps. Bridges or underpasses are constructed to create a passage four roads which cross freeways. Parking and walking are strictly prohibited on freeways and they don't have footpath on either sides of roads. The minimum speed limit and maximum speed limit varies from the country by country and it ranges between 45 mph to 75 mph. 2. Expressway:- Expressways are one of the superior types of access control roadway...

  History of road development:- 1. Roman road:- The earliest large scale road conditions is attributed to romans who contacted an extensive system of roads radiating in many directions from Rome. Appian way which was built by romans in 312 B.C. extended over a length of about 580 km. Features of roman road:- They were build straight without any gradient. An earthed road with a graveled surface. The total thickness of road section worked out as high as 750 mm to 1200 mm . The soft soil from top was removed till the hard stratum was reached. Roman road 2. Tresaguest road or french road :- The next measure development in the road construction occured during the regime of nepolion. The significance construction were given by tresaguest in 1764 and a typical cross section of this road is given He developed a cheaper method of construction then the locally unsuccessful revival of roman practice. The pavement used 200 mm pieces of stone of a more compact from and shaped such that they had...

Modes of transportation:-  It is necessary to consider both people and goods. Humans being has always reminds surrounded by basic medium. Railways transportation ( surface , underground) Road transportation Pipeline transportation Air transportation Water transportation etc. 1. Road transportation:-  Road transport or road transport is a type of transport using roads. Road transport can be broadly classified into transport of goods and transport of people. 2. Rail transportation:-   Rail transportation means  transferring people   and goods  on wheeled vehicles  running on rails, which are located on tracks. 3. Air transportation:-   Air transport is the fastest means of movement from one place to the other. It has reduced distances by minimising the travel time.   4. Water transportation:- Water transport is the cheapest and the oldest mode of transport. It operates on a natural track and hence does not require huge capital in...

Transportation engineering : Introduction :- Transportation means which carry man and materials from one place to another. Transportation is a non separable part of any society. Advances in transportation has made possible changes in the way of living and therefore have a great influence in civilizations. Transportation is the foundation stone of economic infrastructure. It helps in the development of trade commerce and industry. Role of transportation:- Expanding market:- 1. Transportation system reduce the gap between the producer and consumer. 2. Help in production, helps the manufacturer to take the raw material. Create place utilities:- Useful for carrying the goods from the place of it's availability to the place of it's requirement. Stability of prices:- Helps to maintain the price of the goods by providing goods at the proper time and satisfying the consumer demand for the goods. Create employment :- Provide direct employment to transport owners, drivers, machanics, h...