Learning stand by GkG

 What is locomotive;- A locomotive is a machine which transfers the chemical energy of a fuel into the mechanical energy of motion. Classification of locomotives:- Following are the types of locomotives used in Indian Railway. Steam locomotives. Boiler. Steam engine. Wheel and frame. Tender. 2. Diesel locomotives. 3. Electric locomotives. 1. What is Steam locomotives:- A typical steam locomotive and the various parts of a steam locomotive are described as follows. I.  Boiler:- A boiler consists of a firebox, a barrel, and a smoke box. Coal is fired in the firebox, where water is converted into steam. The smoke and gases from the fire box passes through the smoke pipe and finally get discharge through the chimney. II.  Steam engine:- The steam engine consists of a cylinder, a piston, and other moving parts. It converts the heat energy of the steam into rotary energy. III.  Wheel and frame:- The locomotive has idle as well as loaded wheels. The frame is supported on the wheel it carri

  Permanent ways/railways track:- The combination of rails fitted on slippers and resting on the ballast and subgrade is called the railway track or permanent way. In a permanent way the rails are joined in series by fish plates and bolts and then they are fixed to sleepers by different types of fastenings. The sleepers properly spaced resting on ballast are suitably packed and boxed with ballast The layer of the ballast rests on the prepared subgrade called the formation. The rails act as girders to transmit the wheel load to the sleepers. The sleepers hold the rails in proper position with respect to the proper tilt gauge and level, and transmit the load from rails to the ballast. The ballast distribute the load over the formation and holds the sleepers in position. Requirements of an ideal permanent ways:- The gauge should be correct and uniform. The rails should be in proper level. The alignment should be correct,   i.e.,   it should be free from kinks or irregularities. The gradie

 Types of rail failure:- Following are the types of rail failure 1.  Crushed heads rail failure:- Crushed heads rail failure are those which have either sagged or flattened. Besides the defect of manufacture, crushed heads are due to, Sleeping of wheels. Flat spots on wheels which are developed due to skidding of wheels. Weak supports at the rail end. 2. Square or angular break in rail:- The rail mein completely broken either in a vertical plane or in an inclined plane. 3. Split heads rail failure:- In this, cracks occur in the middle of the head or pieces are split from the side to the end of the head. If the surfaces of the crack, when opened, a smooth and dark, the defective rail is known as piped rail. This happened either due to cavity formed during manufacture shrinkage of metal when the metal not having been closely welded together. 4.  Split web:- This is the through crack in the web, through note necessarily runs through the Bolt holes. 5.  Horizontal fissures rail failure:-

  What is rails? :- A rail is a steel bar extending horizontally between supports which is used as a track for rail road. Types of rails:- Following are the types of rails: Double headed rail ( DH Rail ) Bull headed rail ( BH rail ) Flat footed rail ( FF rail ) 1. Double headed rail:- It consists of three parts (a). Upper table    (b). Web    (c). Lower table Both the upper and lower tables were identical and they were introduced with the hope of the life of rails . When the upper table is worn out then the rails can be placed upside down reversed on the chair and so the lower table can be brought into use. But experience showed that such indentations were formed in the lower table due to which smooth running over the surface at the top was impossible. Wrought iron was used to manufacture these rails . 2. Bull headed rail:-  It consists of three parts a. Head.        b. Web.       c. Foot.  These rails were made of steel. The head is of larger size then foot and the foot is designed

 Manometer:-  Manometers are the device which is used to measure the pressure at any point in a fluid by balancing the another column of fluid. Simple manometer:- A simple manometer consists of a glass tube having one of its ends connected to a point where pressure is to be measured and another end remains open to atmosphere. There are following types. 1. Piezometer:- It is the simplest form of manometer used for measuring gauge pressure. One end of this manometer is connected to the point where pressure is to be measured and other end is open to the atmosphere. 2. U- Tube manometer:- It consists of a glass tube bent in U shape one end of which is connected to a point at which pressure is to be measured and other end remains open to the atmosphere. U- Tube manometer For gauge pressure Pressure in the left column above the x-x      P = Pa + ρ₁ gh₁ Pressure in the right column above the x-x P=0 Now      Pa+ ρgh = 0 For vacuum pressure  Pressure in the left column above x-x P = pa + ρ₁gh₁

 Kaolinite:- Kaolinite is the most common minerals of the kaolinite group of clay minerals. Its basic structural unit consists of gibbsite  sheet with aluminium atoms at the center. It is joined to silica sheet through the unbalanced oxygen atoms at the apexes of silica sheet. The total thickness of the basic structural unit is about 7 angstrom. The basic structural unit of kaolinite minerals is symbolised as shown in figure. Kaolinite minerals The basic structural units of kaolinite minerals are joined together by hydrogen bond. It develops between the oxygen atoms of silica sheet and the hydroxyls of gibbsite sheet. Since the hydrogen bond is fairly strong, it is extremely difficult to separate the layers, and hence, kaolinite minerals is relatively stable. Moreover, water cannot penetrate through the layers of the structural units of kaolinite minerals. Kaolinite shows relatively little swell on wetting. China clay is almost pure Kaolinite. Montmorillonite Montmorillonite is the mos

 Methods of mixing:- Concrete is mixed either by hand mixing or by machine mixing based on the quantity of concrete required. 1. Hand mixing:- Mixing by hand is employed only for specific cases where quality is not of much importance, either because of the important nature of the work or because the quantity of concrete required is less. Hand mixing generally does not produce uniform concrete and hence should not be normally used, unless it is for every small domestic works. 2. Mechanical mixing:- Mechanical mixtures can be divided into two main types batch mixer and continuous mixers. Batch mixes produce concrete batch by batch, one batch at a time. The operation is intermittent. The raw material is loaded at one end and the concrete is discharged at the other end. This constitutes a cycle of operation which is repeated until enough quantity of concrete is produced. Continuous mixers produce concrete at a specified rate. The raw materials are continuously entered at one end and mixed